Jobs, tax and politics: Three ways electric vehicles will change our world

Hussein Dia

China, which possesses the world’s largest car market, is working on a timetable to stop the production and sale of vehicles powered by fossil fuels. India has declared its intention to make all new vehicles electric by 2030.

Like Britain and France, these two markets are looking to phase out the sale of petrol and diesel vehicles over the next 20 years or so.

Vehicle manufacturers, the oil industry and governments are starting to wake up to the disruption that vehicle electrification could bring about.

Even automakers recognise that they cannot afford to be legislated out of these lucrative markets. The motor manufacturers Volvo, Jaguar and Land Rover, Volkswagen, Audi, Mercedes and BMW have all promised to roll out electric models over the next decade.

Electro-mobility now seems inevitable, but the impact this shift will have on jobs, the oil economy and even national tax systems will be profound.

The global impact on jobs

Electric vehicles, including their batteries, generally require less manufacturing labour than ones that run on petrol.

For this reason, among others, a full phase-out of combustion engines by 2030 could cost an estimated 600,000 jobs in Germany alone, according to one report issued from the country’s Ifo Economic Institute.

But the situation may not all be doom and gloom. According to the Australian Federation of Automotive Parts Manufacturers (FAPM), the ban may be good news for those supplying the Chinese market, including Australia.

Although Toyota and other local car manufacturers have shut down their Australian facilities, as electric vehicles become easier to build the manufacturing process may become simplified and robotised, creating new manufacturing and business opportunities for the right investor.

The disruption of oil

Going all-electric by 2030 will place considerable budgetary stress on major oil-producing countries, and change the geopolitical map.

Stanford economist Tony Seba and his team push the vision of an electric vehicle revolution a step further, and predict that the disruption will come earlier, during the 2020s.

They argue that oil demand will peak at 100 million barrels per day by 2020 and shift to 70 million barrels per day by 2030. According to their 2017 study, net exporting countries like Venezuela, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Russia will feel the greatest impact.

They also claim that the geopolitics of lithium – which along with nickel, cobalt and cadmium, is the key to electric vehicles – is entirely different from oil politics.

Although there is potential for supply disruption, lithium is not as critical as oil in the life of a car.

According to Seba: Lithium is a material stock and, in the electric vehicle industry, is only required to build the battery, while oil is a fuel required to operate an internal combustion engine vehicle. Lithium scarcity would only affect new vehicle production. Thus, not having lithium is like not having a new engine; the existing fleet can still operate for years. But oil is essential to operate the existing fleet; so oil is a far more critical part of the value chain.

The impact on taxation

By 2030, revenue from petrol taxes could be reduced significantly, with the shift from individual ownership of petrol vehicles to shared (and ultimately autonomous) electric vehicle fleets.

Governments whose tax revenue relies on this stream could find themselves shifting to road pricing, such as charging per kilometre of travel or congestion charging.

Modelling by Seba and his team shows that around US$50 billion in petrol taxes could disappear from U.S. government budgeting.

In Australia, according to the Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Development, public sector road- related revenue totalled A$28.7 billion in 2014-15.

Fuel excise contributed about A$11.03 billion or 38%, down from about 44% in the early 2000s. This revenue also faces reduction with increasing electric vehicle market adoption.

My research also shows that under some future scenarios of shared autonomous mobility, car fleet size could shrink to around 80%, meaning less revenue from vehicle registration fees and sale taxes, maintenance, insurance and parking.

The future outlook

Although details of the proposed bans in China and India are still sketchy, they represent just the kind of government policy shifts that are likely to make electric vehicles more pervasive.

Some groups, such as the oil giants BP and Shell, would disagree that the end of oil is upon us.

It’s been argued that electric vehicles are not a game-changer, as oil demand will continue to rise in the developing world and improvements in fuel efficiency will deliver benefits that outweigh those from electric vehicles.

The sheer breadth of the potential disruption makes it hard to predict what will happen, especially when the mix of sharing, electric and self-driving technologies converge to disrupt the mobility ecosystem.

Auto manufacturers, governments and the oil industry will have to make some tough decisions and prepare. The petrol engine vehicle isn’t quite done, but its years of dominance on our roads are numbered.

Source: The Conversation, 6 Oct. 2017 https://theconversation.com/jobs-tax-and-politics-three-ways-electric-vehicles-will-change-our-world-84910

 

Hussein Dia is Chair of Civil Engineering and Program Leader (Future Urban Mobility), Smart Cities Research Institute at the Swinburne University of Technology. He has three decades of experience in Intelligent Transport Systems and transport modelling.